Computer Survival-

 A must read for computer users!   

  Force your staff and friends to use this page!

  Free programs that should be on your computer!

  Links to specialty tools!

  Tired of always having computer problems?

  Training, Tips, and Tools!

  Slow Computer? (2 minutes to read)

1. Is your hard drive getting full?

2. Are you using a huge picture for your wallpaper picture?

3. Do you have a disk, drive, or USB device plugged into your computer that slows it down?

4. Have you defragged your computer lately?

5. Do you have a program loading in your Startup folder you do not need?

6. Do you have a virus?  Even if you have an anti-virus program?

7. Is your registry messed up?

8. Have you rebooted?  Is it slower after your computer has been on for a while?

9. Have you put off buying a new computer? 

1. Is your hard drive getting full?  Click Start and click Computer to open it.  Point to your Drive C to make sure you have at least 20% free.

2. Are you using a huge picture for your wallpaper picture?  Most newer cameras can take very large file sized photos.  Try right-clicking the background of the the Desktop, then click Properties/

3. Do you have a disk, drive, or USB device plugged into your computer that slows it down?  Try removing all USB connections and disks from the computer and reboot to see if things speed up.  If there is a change, plug each item in one at a time to find the culprit.   

4. Have you defragged your computer lately?  Click Start, click Programs, click the Accessories folder, click  System Tools, click Disk Defragmentation, click on Defragment Disk.  You should Configure Scheduling to setup regular weekly middle of the night drefragmenting.  

5. Do you have a program loading in your Startup folder you do not need?  Click Start, click Programs or All Programs, and click Startup, and look to see what loads automatically each time the computer is started.      

6. Do you have a virus?  Even if you have an anti-virus program?   Even though you have an anti-virus program on your computer, it may not catch everything! Some viruses infect many computers before the anti-virus companies realize a new virus. Some companies just do not catch certain situations when you download or install something that has malicious code. Many anti-virus programs like Avast offer a boot-time scan, which checks your computer before the operating system starts (and hides viruses). Normally, you can open your anti-virus program and look for the boot-time scan option (maybe have to use Help). Avast's boot-time scan is available by clicking the Scan Computer button, then click Boot-time Scan. I prefer to use "Delete All" instead of "Quarantine" if anything is found, but you may risk losing an essential operating system file if you do this. If your program does not have a boot-time scan option, then you should make sure to use an online scan occasionally to double-check your computer. Online scans can take a while, but are worth it. Using a different company than the one installed on your computer can be beneficial for better coverage. Some scans require IE or may require a component to be downloaded for the scan to work. Here are some free online scans:   TrendMicro Online Scan    Symantec Online Scan   

7. Is your registry messed up?  A registry problem is one of the biggest reason a computer will slow down.  Since it is such a technical problem, a program designed to repair the registry is a must to own.  Although there are several companies that handle this problem, I use RegistryFix, which will find hundreds of problems and fix your computer.  Registry repair companies have a tremendous amount of ongoing development and expense, so they normally offer free scans, but require you to purchase their program to fix the problems.  Since the odds of having registry problems is a given, all computer owners should purchase a registry repair program.  Make sure to download the installation program where you will remember it (Documents folder) and copy your registration (serial number and other info) to a Notepad file and save it with a similar name, so the two files are next to each other in Documents.  This way, if you get a new computer, you can use the program on it.    

8. Have you rebooted?  Is it slower after your computer has been on for a while?  A reboot will speed up your computer for several reasons, but if you notice your computer gets slow or hangs after it has been on for a while, it could mean your laptop is getting too warm or the fan on your PC's processor is not working.  On PC's, you should hear at least two fans: one on the top rear of the computer (power supply), and one on the processor on the motherboard, and some computers will have a fan on a large video card.   You may have to take the side panel off the computer to see if these are working properly.  If they are not, you may have to take it to a computer repair shop to replace the fan or power supply.  Some laptops get warmer than others.  Shut the laptop down when not in use, even when you have an AC adapter plugged in.  Some will even get a fan-based cooling platform for underneath the laptop.  

9. Have you put off buying a new computer?  Although many will disagree with my recommendation, you can buy a $298 PC at Walmart.  This inexpensive computer will likely be ten times faster with ten times more storage than you currently have.  Try to get all your files on your old computer moved into your Document folder.  Be sure to copy or move shared folders to your Document folder.  Then copy the contents of the document folder via a larger pen drive or larger SD disk (sections at a time if needed).  You can always use a large SD disk after transferring for most cameras.  If you can get on the internet, consider using a free storage service like www.box.com, which allows 5gb of free storage to move all your documents and photos.  If you have tons of photos, you may want to burn DVD or CD disks of the contents of your Document folder.  DVD's will usually allow 4gb of storage each.  Double check any disk to make sure it copied your files before unplugging your old computer. Besides files, you will also want to review software on your old computer to notate programs that are essential.  For example, if you have Quickbooks, where are the files stored?  Where are the backup files stored?  You will also want to copy those files to put on the new computer.  You will also want to review if you have installation disks to install the essential program on your new computer.  It is easier to look for installation disks if you have a list of programs to look for.  Definitely a procedure/structure to keep in mind for the next new computer you get.  If you use Outlook for email, where is the folder/files stored, so your contacts and messages can be copied to the new computer?  Many people also want to copy their Favorites folder for internet bookmarks. 

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  Printer Jams and Breakdowns (1 minute to read)

Printer jams can be caused by a number of problems. The most common jam is more than one sheet being pulled through the printer.  The best prevention is to use fresh paper in your printer, especially during humid or moist times of the year.  Exposed paper will collect moisture in the paper causing sheets to stick together.  You may not even notice any difference in the look or feel of the paper.  Reams should always be stored in a dry place and left sealed (and reams left in the closed ream box if you buy by the case).   Open reams should be put in a plastic bag unless you go through a high volume.  On older printers, you may notice your printer jams when you have too much or too little paper in the tray.  Adjust according to the uniqueness of your printer.  Of course, using heavier paper can cause a jam on any printer.  If you must use a heavy stock paper, use Print Properties to tell your printer that you are using a heavy stock.  You usually have to put only one sheet in your tray and print one at a time.  Always be careful to pull out jams from the back of the printer if possible to prevent damaging your printer.  Rarely, the wrong printer software version can still print but have irregular loading problems.

Printer breakdowns also can be caused by a number of problems.  Wrong software, software with file damage, loose cable, firewall blocking the port, low on ink, or the printer is actually broken.  The most common problem for most people is that a print job is unsuccessful and then all future prints are blocked by the incomplete print job.   (i.e. chose wrong printer to print to (most common), out of paper, bad file, bad communication, etc.)  You can usually double-click the small printer icon in the system tray (near the time) to view print jobs, then cancel all print jobs to clear the problem.  Your top document may take a minute to delete.  You may want to make sure your document is saved and reboot your computer.  Shut off your printer during the reboot, wait a few seconds, restart your printer.  If notified that you have print jobs pending, cancel them.  Normal order of diagnosis to fix a printer problem:

1. Check cables, printer is on, and make sure you see your printer model in Printer Name when printing

2. Clear print jobs (maybe reboot and make sure your printer model is displayed when printing)

3. Shut off and unplug printer from computer and unplug the power cord and wait at least 1 minute

4. Reinstall printer software

5. Remove all USB controller devices from System, Hardware Manager, then reboot for reinstall (advanced users only!)

6. Noisy printer can sometimes be corrected by lifting the printer lid and manually moving cartridges to far left side and close lid to let the cartridges park.  (advanced users only!)

7. Clean front/back clear-looking data ribbon that cartridges follow by using a soft dry paper towel.  Pinch paper around both sides and wipe, being careful NOT to pull ribbon off. (advanced users only!)

8. Always try to accumulate the same printer models so you can swap printers quickly to rule out  software/computer problem.

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  Spam in E-Mail (1 minute to read)

It is almost impossible to keep from receiving junk e-mail.  Here are some suggestions that will help.  

You should have at least two e-mail accounts.  One is for real use and the other is for registering with websites (and other required e-mail address needs).  Never use your main e-mail address for signing up on a website!  Always take the time to look closely for agreements to receive news, offers, and other stuff whenever your e-mail address is required.  Usually you can uncheck those agreements before proceeding.  Keep in mind that websites make money from selling your address to others.   

Make sure your virus and spyware protection is up to date.  Many e-mails are propagated through a virus.  Unfortunately, your Aunt Martha has your address in her address book on her computer. She has a virus but doesn't know it.  The virus grabs your address to send you horrible things or attempts to spread the virus to you.  Maybe the virus is just collecting your e-mail address for spam.  Keep in mind that home computers are more likely to NOT have up-to-date virus protection. 

Never put your e-mail address on a website!  E-mail addresses are harvested by marketing companies from websites.  You should use a form that visitors can fill out and send messages to your e-mail rather than posting your e-mail address.  Also, most websites will automatically make a posted e-mail address a link, which when clicked, will open up Outlook.  Many people use webmail and the Outlook program will not work, but they don't know that, and when it does not, they will think your website doesn't work or the e-mail address is wrong.   Use a form to allow people to send you messages! 

Consider using a spam-blocker, confirmation, or challenge feature.  Most challenge-type features will send an automatic letter to each of your message senders, requiring them to manually reply to let their message come through.  Usually, first-time senders are the only ones that have to complete this extra step.  This will usually help screen out automated messages from marketers and the mail received from Aunt Martha's virus.  I have the opinion that it does not stop all spam though, and "deadlock" will happen if two people using a confirmation system try communicating with each other.  SentWeb mail does have this option if you use the Contact Us page.  

Manually block a sender from within your e-mail program.  Many e-mail programs let you manually block a sender if their message does come through.  Keep in mind that spammers change their IP, MX, and From addresses to get around this type of block, and just send to you again using a different From.  There are also spam-blocking programs that companies sell which use a variety of techniques to keep you from spam.   Here is a .pdf file with more technical anti-spam techniques.

If you receive unwanted e-mail, take the time to unsubscribe from the bottom of their message.  All marketing e-mail messages are required by the Can-Spam Act to give you this option.  Of course, you will quickly notice that not all marketing messages follow the law.  There is also the risk that unsubscribing is confirming your address as an active e-mail account for the spammer.   If you are receiving dozens or hundreds of messages, you may want to get a new e-mail address and start over using the spam prevention suggestions mentioned here. 

You could be the target of a practical joke or someone trying to make your life miserable.  Although the Can-Spam Act requires a double-opt in, many mailing lists do not use this structure.  (Double opt-in: when you signup to be on a mailing list, you are sent an e-mail that you must confirm to be added to their mailing list.)  Someone can take your e-mail address and submit it to several marketing mailings in only a few minutes.  You would then be bombarded with hundreds of marketing e-mails each day.  Getting a new account may be the only easy way to fix this scenario, so be careful who knows your main e-mail address.

If you are the main e-mail account for your website, your e-mail program may have your e-mail address setup as a catchall for mistyped e-mail messages to prevent missing important messages to your organization.  Unfortunately this can send tons of spam because many catchall systems do not go through your normal account filtering.  You may have to concede and ask your web person to turn off your address as the catchall for your organization. 

Most e-mail programs have a filter or rules option that will automatically send messages to the trash.  This is useful for messages that are always coming from the same address.  Of course the nasty junk messages use different From: addresses every time.  You still may want to apply word filters that apply to the body of the message that block certain words like porn, cialis, etc.  Keep in mind that spammers will use variations of the spelling like c1alis.  Also, keep in mind that when you block words like porn that you may not get some church messages which have the word in the message addressing the problem.  Some e-mail programs have a blocker feature that will let you click Block next to the message, so you will never receive a message from that address again.  If your program does not have a Block feature, then you would have to take the time to set a rule for the address so it is put in the trash if that address shows up in the From: field.  

If you want to receive a newsletter, etc. from someone but your spam protection is blocking it, add the desired sender's address to your address book or contact list.

If you do not want to receive Group Forwards from people, you can use the above mentioned filter/rule method to deliver mail to the trash if your address does not show up in the To: field.  This will block all messages to you that were sent to groups of people.  You would use the rule or filter of requiring myname@mydomain.com in the To: field or reject the message.  You will not receive any mail when your address is in the CC: or BCC: field.  However, you may want to think this over first, because this will usually only block messages from friends or co-workers that are forwarding messages.  Marketing companies usually use programs that DO put your address in the To: field.  ALWAYS take the time to let users of group mail know that they should use BCC: (blind carbon copy) to send to groups instead of CC:.   Otherwise it takes extra sheets of paper to print and everybody can see everybody's address, including yours!  

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  Passwords and Logins and Fraud Preventions

Passwords and Logins

With so many usernames and passwords, what can we do?   If you write them down and someone steals your purse or wallet, you are cooked!   The following works for me:

I try to use only four different passwords for everything I do.   One is for online financial.  One is for ATM pin numbers.  One is for online bill-paying.  One is for e-mail and non-important online logins.   By only having four different passwords, I do not have to write passwords down in my wallet.     I can still write the usernames down WITHOUT the passwords.  DO NOT USE the same password for everything.  Some non-bank sites are not secure and your password could get captured!  If the thief has your bank and e-mail password, you might have big trouble!

Whenever I change a password for financial (credit cards and banks), I change ALL the financial account  passwords so I can remember them.  Banks recommend that you occasionally change passwords.  Do not use birth dates, names, or other easy to guess passwords.  

Increasing daily,  e-mail messages appearing to be from reputable businesses such as banks or even e-mail providers are sent out to millions, but are FORGERIES! It is very simple to copy any website and duplicate it, put it on the internet in another location, write an e-mail with a link to the fake website asking to update information, and record the victim's username and password when the victim tries to login to the fake site. NEVER UPDATE YOUR BANK ACCOUNT FROM AN E-MAIL LINK!  If you are asked to update something, type in business web address in your browser and visit the site directly (example: type www.citibank.com in your internet browser in the address box to visit the site). Do not click on a link in an e-mail to update an account even if it says www.citibank.com, because it can take you anywhere!  Most credit card and bank companies have a fraud department online where you will see this happens all too frequently.

You should let your spouse or another trusted person know your system in case something happens to you!  Make sure they understand the need for the security of your logins!

Letting Anyone Else Use Your Computer or Internet/Network

Why not let others use your computer?  They can see sensitive documents. They can download illegal programs from your IP address.  They can access illegal websites and ruin your reputation.   They can mess up your computer.  But also criminals can steal your identity or install web programs or setup remote access to run illegal operations from your computer so they are untraceable back to them (called hijacking).   

If I can set at your computer for 30 seconds, I can install a keystroke logger program that e-mails me everything you type including account numbers and passwords!  Some viruses (spyware programs) do the same thing!  Or if you are not looking, I can plug in a very small USB keystroke logger to the back of your computer as I walk by that records everything you type into this little device.  Use an anti-spyware program like the one mentioned above to stop the e-mail and network keystoke loggers.   Familiarize yourself with where your USB ports are on your computer if you are in a suspicious work environment (see the Digital Camera tips) so that you might notice something unusual plugged in.  

Preventing others from using your computer: 

1. While computer is on: Use a screensaver password so when you leave your desk, your computer is unavailable. (Right-click your Desktop, left-click Properties, left-click Screensaver, check the password box, adjust minutes, OK)   

2. Turning on computer: Windows 98 users: Boot your computer and go into Setup (f2 or Del) and put a password on your Setup program AND system so you have to have a password to turn it on.  (Refer to your computer manufacturer's website for your model if you need help.)  This prevents people resetting your computer to get around your screensaver.   WinXP and 2000 users: Start, Control Panel, User Accounts, Change an Account, make sure all other accounts are off except yours, click your account and add your password. 

3. Network Access:  You need to understand that your Shared Documents folder (XP users) is accessible if you are on a network.  Win98 users' folders that have a hand underneath the icon are also accessible. Installing a firewall is always recommended.  Your firewall can protect you from most intrusions, but understanding which folders are accessible is important in case you accidentally allow access with your firewall program.  Keep sensitive documents out of the Shared Documents folder!

4. Wireless Access: If you have a wireless router or access point, you should set up the security for it unless your intention is to offer public access. People that offer public access should have two broadband accounts so one of them is secure for office computers.

How to secure your wireless network: 

1. Go to your router/AP's homepage (http://192.168.1.1 in your browser), 

2. Change the SSID from "linksys" or "dlink" to something else.

3. Disable SSID broadcast.

4. Enable WPA-PSK (pre-shared key) encryption, and remember the 'key'.

Each computer with wireless access:

1. On each computer, from Network Places, right-click the WiFi adaptor, then click 'Properties'. 

2. Click on the Wireless Networks tab, and remove any existing networks you have set up.

3. Add a new network, enter the new SSID, and set the encryption to WPA-PSK, and enter the 'key'.

4. Apply/OK all the dialogue boxes.

Extra Security:

1. Unplug the CAT5 cable and reboot the PC for good measure.

2. On each wireless PC, do Start > Run and type 'command'

3. At the command prompt, type ipconfig /all to write down the MAC address of each wireless PC.

4. Going back to the router/AP's homepage 192.168.1.1, enable the MAC filter list and add your MAC addresses. This will allow only your computers to access your network.

  Recovering Lost Files

Ever lost a file?  We all have!  Of course if you read the prevention information in the section called Breakdowns, you probably won't need this section!  Here is an overview of what can and cannot be done.  

Scenerio1-Although this scenario is not really dealing with losing a file, it is perceived the same way.  Whenever you use a web tool to create something such as writing an e-mail, you must keep in mind that most web programs are written to close your connection (timeout) after a given amount of time to keep your account secure and to improve server performance.  If you are writing a long e-mail and take quite a bit of time, your e-mail program may timeout.  When you click send, you are taken to a login window and/or your letter disappears.  Even though you log back in, your hard work is lost!  If you are taking quite a bit of time using a program that does timeout, you may want to first write your document in a word processor/notepad and then copy your contents to your e-mail program.  If it appears to have been successfully sent, you can close and not save your word processor/notepad work. Sometimes you may not know you are going to take so long to write!  If you write longer than you thought or were interrupted while writing, make sure to copy your message before clicking Send (just in case)! Often you cannot right-click and save information in a web-mail type program when composing, but you can highlight and click Edit, Copy at the top of your browser to copy!  This scenario may be needed with several types of online tools.

Scenario 2-You need only a paragraph or picture from an older existing document to put into a new document that you are working on.  However, you decide to hack the older document since it is laid out like you are going to need for the new document.  Even though you planned on saving it with a different name, you get busy and forget that you were hacking the older document.  You click save and now you can't find the older document.  That's because the older document is gone forever!  If you accidentally save a document with the name of an already existing filename, the older existing document is gone!  The older filename treats the file overwrite like it has been updated.  There are some methods to recover from this situation, but it will usually take someone with special skills and may be more expensive than recreating the document.  The best prevention for this is Never Use The Save Icon, Always Use File, Save As to save a file!  This habit slows you down just enough that it you usually keeps you from overwriting something valuable.   You should get in the habit of giving all new files that you create a name followed by the date (i.e. filename 071506) so that accidental overwriting doesn't happen.  Also, remember to avoid using symbols in filenames (i.e. " -  /  ,  ' ) so you don't lose network access and backup ability.  Filenames with symbols cannot be backed up using some methods.

Scenario 3- You have deleted a file you need and even emptied the recycle bin.  Or you had to reload your computer's operating system and you even fdisked (partitioned) and formatted your hard drive.   You need that file!  What can you do?  Well, there are several programs that allow you to recover them.  The sooner you try to recover your file, the better chance of getting it back.  Normally, you install your file recovery program first.  Most of them suggest installing to another drive other than C: such as a pen drive or a 2nd hard drive or even a floppy. You then run the program and search for the lost file.  Recover or restore it. Done!  Here is a program with a demo version that recovers files up to 64kb in size (most text documents).  It does show larger files, just can't recover them without buying the full version ($49).  File Scavenger  FYI- I installed it on the same drive as my files (C:) and was still able to recover files, but I would never suggest doing this unless you are looking for documents that are not that valuable!

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  Home or Office Networking

Quick Overview: Advantages- Internet access for all computers on network, do not need a printer for every computer, can share or backup files on another computer, can use multiplayer or networked data programs.  Disadvantages- Less security if extra steps are not taken (viruses and file access), few extra maintenance problems to watch for, some extra cost.

Quick Suggestion: Use switches and not hubs.  Use a wired network and not wireless if possible.  Use an Access Point for a router instead of a regular router so you do have at least a wireless option.  Write down your ISP username and password on your ISP documentation AND also tape to the modem.    

Suggested Parts Needed: 

NIC- Each computer needs to have a NIC (network card) or a wireless adapter installed.  Most newer desktops come with a NIC.  Most newer notebooks come with a NIC and a built in wireless adapter.  DSL and Cable self-install kits come with at least one NIC in the box in case you do not have one.  

Modem-  Usually, DSL and Cable self-install kits include a modem.  In rare instances, certain models of modems require a crossover cable to connect to a computer instead of the normal straight through or patch cable.  Many times, people need a longer cable from the modem to a computer or router than what came with the modem.  Before replacing the cable that came with the modem, look at both ends of the included cable to see if the wiring colors are the same order (straight through or patch) or if the colors are in different order (crossover) so you know what kind you need to extend your distance from the modem.  

Wireless Access Point- This also serves as a router that lets you hook up 4 more computers without needing a switch.  AP's cost just a few dollars more than a plain router and also give you a wireless connection around your building.  You should get 802.11G that goes up to at least 5 GHz (not 802.11b). Cost around $50.  When setting up the AP or router, most will use a PPPoe connection option where you need your ISP username and password.

Switch-  A switch is needed if you have more than 4 or 5 computers on your network.  A 5 port switch costs less than $20.  The access point will usually let you network at least 4 computers, but you may want a switch to add more computers.  OR you may only want to run one cable from your internet modem and access point on one end of a building to a switch on the other end of the building that is near a cluster of computers and then use the switch with shorter cables from there (so you don't have to run a lot of long cables across your building).  You can use as many switches as you want in a daisy chain fashion to add more computers.  You lose one port when daisy chaining, so a 5 port switch will let you add 4 more computers.

Cables-  Cat 5 or Cat 5e cable is used to connect computers to the switches or access point.  Do not buy cables called "crossover"!  Although you can buy shorter cables for a reasonable price, longer ones can be costly.  If you need to go over 150 feet, you need to add a switch to boost it another 150 feet.  Make sure to shop because many discount stores charge a lot for cables to make up for their loss leaders.    You may want to measure all your cable needs and take your list to a computer geek or store and ask them for a quote to custom make your cables.  The biggest problem of a wired network is that you have ugly cables to deal with unless your building was originally wired for a network.  This is why switches are used like an electrical strip, where you have one cable that turns into several outlets where you need it.  If you are doing a large project, it is better not to put the ends on the Cat 5 cable until you have run them through the walls, so your holes can be smaller.  In this case, you can go to Home Depot, or something like it, and buy a roll of cable and and install it in the building yourself, and then hire someone to come in and put the ends on the cable.

Wireless Option-   Because of the ugly cable problem mentioned above, you can use a cable or DSL modem with an Access Point ($50) near one main computer and have all other computers use a wireless connection.   (See Internet Connections above.)   Remember when signing up for internet, look for a wireless modem or router option which can be less expensive than buying the parts individually.  This usually works good for homes, but may not work for larger buildings.   I have purchased an Access Point Booster which helped a little ($70-$100). I have also bought an external higher gain antennae ($30-$50 for 15+ db omni directional) for my access point. Special access point antennas are available that can share access miles away if it is in line of sight and antennae is pointed precisely.  You can also purchase a repeater bridge for a larger building ($40-70).  Each computer will need a wireless adapter and a NIC (network card).  Wireless adapters cost from $20-$40 each.  WEP security should be installed so neighbors cannot see your files or use your internet.  I have found that wireless connections are not as dependable as wired connections, can be be slower when someone else on the network is downloading or streaming content, and sometimes requires restarting the modem, access point, or the computer.  I have used what is called a "Wireless Bridge" to extend a network to another part of a building or nearby building without cables.  The modem and access point can communicate without cables to the bridge.  The bridge ($100-$130) then has a switch ($20) connected to it, so several computers at that location can be wired directly to the switch.  (Invest in power company stock because people will enjoy the benefit of network capabilities through existing wired buildings! Just kidding, but who knows?)

Typical Scenario for most Homes: 

1. You need a broadband account ($13-$70 per month):  It can take up to a week to activate after signing up.  You should always try to get the fastest download option if offered, even if it costs more.  You only need one computer that will meet their requirements to setup the service.   Computers that are less than the requirements can still use your home network/internet.  Most people can do a self-install to avoid a hefty expense.  The broadband company will usually supply a broadband modem.  The broadband company may include a free wireless router/AP with their package (otherwise approximately $50 for a wireless router/AP at a local discount store).  DSL companies will usually include several filters in the kit.  
2. Determine Supplies Needs ($0-$100):  Determine what you need for cables, switches, and wireless router.  The router may come with your self-install kit from your broadband company. Usually the modem from the broadband company will include a short network cable to go from the modem to the router (or single computer).  Routers also come with a short network cable to go to one nearby computer.   

If you only have one computer and it can be located where your broadband enters the house, you will not need anything.  

If you have two or more computers around your building, then you need to determine if you will run individual cables from the router to each computer, run one cable to a switch and connect computers to the switch, use wireless, or a combination.  Generally, it is better to run one cable from your router to another floor or part of the building and connect it to a $20 switch where you can connect several computers to the switch with shorter cables (rather than making multiple long runs of cable to each computer from the router).  Consider drawing a picture of your building and draw your wiring needs to determine if a switch will be helpful.  You should measure the distances for cable planning.  For longer cables it is better to find a local computer shop that can make the cables the length you need rather than buying expensive fixed lengths from a store.  Walmart has a DLink 5 port switch for $20.

3. You need one computer temporarily near where the DSL phone jack or cable comes into your house to setup your service. You can also use a longer network cable from your computer to where the internet comes into your building (where your modem and router will permanently reside).  Normally your modem and router should be permanently located near where the cable or DSL phone jack are located.  They are small and require AC.  One or more network cables will go from the router to computer(s).   Many companies now require Windows XP or Vista to setup the internet.  You should inquire if you are using Win98, Millennium, or Win2000.  Once you have setup your modem and router, you can move the computer elsewhere.  
4. Setting up the broadband:  Once your service is active (usually you will get a phone call or at least an e-mail), open your self-install kit. Make sure you know the username and password to use and also write it down and tape it to the modem!   If you will be using DSL, take the small filter adapters and plug into each phone jack that you use with a telephone. Make sure you use the right jack on the filter to connect to your phone, if your filter has two options.  You will also need a filter for the jack where you will be setting up the modem and router.  Most broadband companies have very good instructions to follow.  For cable, you will be connecting your cable directly to the modem.  For DSL, you will be using a normal phone wire to connect from the DSL filter on your wall jack to the DSL modem.  Your instructions will tell you what to do, but keep in mind that you will need one computer nearby to set it up. You should always write down the login the company sets you up with.  Normally, you will completely install the modem first and end up having it connected to the computer.  Then you will setup the router and end up with the modem connected to the router's WAN jack and one of the 4-5 router LAN jacks connecting to the computer.  Once you have completed this step, you need to setup your network.
5. Setting up your network:  You really do not need a network setup if you just want internet access to several computers. However, you will usually need to do some setup work on each computer to have internet.  If you want to share a printer or share files, then you have a few extra steps to setup a network

Anti-virus: You should have updateable anti-virus software on all computers on your network.  A great free one is available from http://avast.com/eng/download-avast-home.html and click the English button and click Run when asked.  Always uninstall old anti-virus programs first, even if they are trials or expired!  Just click Next, OK, or Finish when installing.   You may want to check the schedule the boot-time scan if asked so when you restart your computer, it will check your computer.  If you have any viruses, click the Delete All option.  You have a couple months to register your free home-version license.  

Wiring: Generally, you do not want to staple, but use plastic wire ties or plastic clips to secure.  Network cable can be run through conduit or plastic pipe.  Network cable should not be run in the same conduit as AC.  If you use network wall boxes, make sure to use "A" or "B" wiring consistently through the building.  

Win98: Start/Settings/Control Panel/Network and make sure Primary Network Logon is set to Client for Microsoft Networks.   Click the Identification tab at the top of that window and enter a short Workgroup name (use caps) that will be the same on all computers.  Give the computer a Computer Name that is unique (i.e. shop1 or upstairs).   Click the Configuration tab.  Look for a TCP/IP listing for your network or Ethernet controller. (Sometimes you will have one listed for the dialup which is not the one we want.)  Click once on the TCP/IP listing and click Properties.  Make sure IP Address is set to Obtain Automatically.  Gateway should not have any listed.  DNS Configuration should be disabled.  WINS Configuration should be set to Use DHCP at the bottom.  Click OK on that window.  Click the File and Print Sharing button.  Check both checkmarks.  Click OK.  You may need a Win98 CD in the drive.  Any Win98 CD should work. If you try to proceed without the CD and it requires the CD, put the CD in and click OK. Close the Welcome window if it pops up. Click OK on the Network window.  You will probably have to restart the computer.  Once you have your network card setup, you will be prompted to have a network logon when the computer starts each time.  Remember whatever login you are going to use for that computer.  Normally the username should signify which computer it is so it is easy to understand the network.  Have to enter password 2x the first time you setup a login.  Keep logins short and easy to remember.  Yes, you can click cancel on the Network logon and still use the internet, but not use the network.

XP: Start/My Computer/My Network Places (on left)/Setup a Home or Small Office Network.  I can't remember the buttons, but just be agreeable.  You will use the internet connection that is always on.  Make sure to use the same workgroup name for all computers on your property (it will use caps).  You may have to use Start/My Computer/My Network Places (on left)/View Network Connections/Create a New Connection/Connect to the Internet/Setup Manually/Broadband that is Always On/Finish. 

To see or have access to files on other computers:  Win98 computers have to have which folders that can be seen by other computers manually setup.  Open My Computer, doubleclick drive C, look for the folder you want to share (usually My Documents), right-click that folder and click Sharing, click Shared As and enter a short share name (usually same as computer name), usually click Full, enter an optional password 2x (simpler to not use passwords), click OK.  XP computers are already setup to share the Shared Docs folder, so just save files that you want to share in that folder.

Normal Network File Use: Win98-go to Network Neighborhood/doubleclick the computer icon that has the file/doubleclick the My Docs or Docs icon and double click the file you want.  You must have that program on the computer (i.e. .xls file will need Excel loaded on computer).  Never use punctuation or symbols when naming a filename or you will get a file in use or read only message when opening from another computer.

Computers that has printer attached:  Win98-Start/Settings/Printers/right-click installed printer/Sharing/click Shared As/give the printer a Share Name such as HP1511/click OK.  XP-Start/Control Panel/Printers and Other hardware/View Installed Printers/right-click installed printer/Sharing/Share this Printer/change Share Name if desired/OK.   All computers that do not have a printer will need to do this one time:  Win98-go to Network Neighborhood/doubleclick computer icon that has a shared printer/doubleclick the printer icon and attempt to install the printer by clicking Yes.   Normally, it will tell you it cannot install the files without extra files, so cancel if that happens and follow the alternate instructions (A,B, or C) below. 

Normal Printing Procedures After Setup:  Click File/Print and make sure to choose the printer you want to print to before clicking Print.  The networked printer and computer must be on to print.

Alternate Instructions A for Win98 network printing on non-printer computer: You will need to find the cd for the printer. Go to Network Neighborhood/doubleclick computer icon that has a shared printer/doubleclick the printer icon and attempt to install the printer by clicking Yes.  Click the Have Disk and browse to the cd drive.  Try just pointing to the CD drive letter first.  If that doesn't work, browse to your best guess for a folder that has the drivers.  You may have to browse to a win98 folder or ENU or try all until it works.  If you are asked to turn on or connect to the printer click install without testing or finish or close.  You may even have to restart the computer.  Then do the Network Neighborhood/doubleclick computer icon that has a shared printer/doubleclick the printer icon and attempt to install the printer by clicking Yes.   If it asks to use existing, say Yes.  If it asks to browse to files, go to Program Files folder and open or click on the Printer folder that represents the printer cd you just installed.  You may even have to go into the Program Files/printername folder and look for a drivers folder.

Alternate Instructions B (if A doesn't work) for Win98 network printing on non-printer computer:  You will need to find the cd for the printer and install the program on the non-printer computer.  If you are asked to turn on or connect to the printer click install without testing or finish or close.  You may even have to restart the computer.  Then do the Network Neighborhood/doubleclick computer icon that has a shared printer/doubleclick the printer icon and attempt to install the printer by clicking Yes.   If it asks to use existing, say Yes.  If it asks to browse to files, go to Program Files folder and open or click on the Printer folder that represents the printer cd you just installed.  You may even have to go into the Program Files/printername folder and look for a drivers folder. 

Alternate Instructions C (if can't find cd) for Win98 network printing on non-printer computer:  Go to the website of the manufacturer (i.e. hp.com, epson.com, lexmark.com) and find the home/small office drivers area to download the right model's driver to your My Documents on the computer without the printer.  Normally, you should just save the entire file, then double-click it to install after downloaded. If you are asked to turn on or connect to the printer, click install without testing or finish or close.  You may even have to restart the computer.  Then do the Network Neighborhood/doubleclick computer icon that has a shared printer/doubleclick the printer icon and attempt to install the printer by clicking Yes.   If it asks to use existing, say Yes.  If it asks to browse to files, go to Program Files folder and open or click on the Printer folder that represents the printer cd you just installed.  You may even have to go into the Program Files/printername folder and look for a drivers folder. 

6. 1st Time Setup of Wireless Router:  Normally the CD and paper instructions in step 4 must be completed first to setup the wireless router.  It is required to have a computer that is directly connected by network cable to the router/modem to install your wireless router the first time (even if you plan on using that computer wirelessly after you are setup).  Read the Already Using Wireless paragraph below so you can possibly set those settings during the install process.  You may not be able to setup wireless security when first installing the router (depending on brand) and will need to follow the instructions below after you have your internet running.  You should read information below so you will understand modem/router setup questions.
7. Wireless Security: If your router or access point (AP) has a wireless feature, you will need to access the admin program to turn on security so other wireless users cannot use your wireless signal.  Besides neighbors seeing your shared folders, they can drain your bandwidth or use you internet access to do illegal activities.  Most routers will let you get to their admin program from a browser opened on a computer connected to your network.  Usually you will enter 192.168.1.1 in the address box (where google.com would be typed) and it will bring up a login window.  Linksys usually has a default of blank for username and admin for password.  If you changed this when installing, you must find the login you used.  Once logged in, go to the wireless section and check the following options:

Adding Wireless Security After Already Using Wireless:  Make sure you have entered a SSID name (usually something short but not your name).  Make sure you have entered Mixed if asked for wireless G or B. Click Save Settings if you made a change. Look for a Wireless Security Section where you can choose WEP or WPA.  WEP and 64K is good for most situations.  You may have the option generate the keys by entering a short phrase.  Normally you can leave it so it uses the 1st key for a default.  You should write down your passphrase and 1st key to have on hand when you setup other computers.  Click the Save Settings button.  You can close the browser window.  On every computer that will be using your wireless network, you or they will have to View Wireless Connections on the wireless computer and click your SSID and go to Change Advanced Properties to activate secured connection with a 10 digit key from above.  Do not use the "key is provided for me" option.  Each adapter is different, so you may have to hunt for a way to change the SSID to use the key.  

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Where is the Pied Piper Taking Us? (Trends)

Everybody has opinions about where we are headed!  Here is mine.  Technology has three fundamental characteristics that we can use to tell the future.  It always gets less expensive, it improves (speed/performance), and it usually gets smaller.

So how do we benefit from knowing this?  

Know When to Buy: If we know things will get less expensive, should we wait? Short Answer: Yes!  For older people like me, this is a hard concept to believe since we have seen prices inflate in so many areas of our lives.  My general rule of thumb for most people is to not buy anything that is brand new technology.  It will usually be at its highest price, and in some cases, even though it was alpha and beta tested, the first year of public feedback often exposes needs and weaknesses that can be improved upon for later releases or manufacturing.  We also benefit from hearing unbiased customer opinions and testimonials.  

Formula for buying: 

Rule 1: Do not fall prey to marketing pressure, impulse buying, fads, or keeping up with your peers.  The corporate world works day and night with marketing propaganda to convince you to buy the latest product.  Don't be lazy and let someone tell you what you need!  Research and figure out what you need for yourself.  You are the one that should know what you need!  

Rule 2: When shopping for technology, buy for what you currently need, not for what you might need or will eventually need!  If you are like me, I know what I need now, but don't always know what I will need later.  Often consumers rationalize they might need extra features later and buy for future needs (like newlyweds shopping for a house in case they have children). Big mistake!  By purchasing for actual needs instead of future needs, the money saved allows you to purchase for your needs as they arise. 

Rule 3: Try to buy something that has been on the market for 12 months or longer.  I have been following technology since the late 70's.  For over 30 years, most technology products have dropped their retail price in half after a year.  Often, another 12 months and it drops in half again.  If you buy something that has been out for 12 months, then it is often 50% of the original release price. So instead of buying something for $3000 that just came out, buy something a year old that meets your need for $1500.  When you outgrow it or wear it out, you can use the $1500 you saved to buy again (and now you even have an extra).  Since you spent less, you are more likely to purchase for your needs sooner than the person who spent $3000.  This formula allows you to average newer technology than the person who buys new technology.  

Rule 4: Beware of waiting too long: The corporate world has learned many things during this rapid advance of technology.  Take for instance, cd rom drives arrived on the market with a 1x speed.  Then shortly after, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 16x, etc.  Consumers noticed how rapid faster drives became available and developed this mentality: "If I wait a little, I can get a faster one!"  Companies soon realized releasing new improvements too fast slugged the market and became an inventory management nightmare for them.  Remember, if you need it, get it!  Don't wait for a deal if it's costing you time and frustration.     

Seeing Into the Future!

My friends say I have had uncanny spatial skills over the years.  Many of them are amazed that I am not a billionaire.  Haha!  They just don't realize when a person is strong in one area, they are usually weak in others.  That is definitely the case with me!  I have removed many items below that have come to pass so my information might be more helpful and informative.  For example, over twenty years ago I told students in my training classes to expect to see a cell phone, stereo, camera, video camera, computer, and gps multi-function device.  They laughed!  Back in the early 80's as I was using Tymnet, I told people this is going to take over the world.  It didn't but the internet did 10 years later.  

What I think is happening or going to happen: 

Education: Technology will become a core subject like math, English, science.   Computers started by collecting dust in the classroom, then became an elective for one or two grade levels using an academic program, to becoming an elective for most grade levels using academic programs, to becoming an elective class teaching technology instead of academics.  We will see it become a daily class and leave its "elective" title behind.   Trainers and curriculum writers will figure out teaching should be concept-based instead of version-based (teaching how to drive any car instead of how to use all the features of a 2003 Ford Thunderbird).   The philosophy of education will also change with more focus on "It's not what you know, but it's if you know how to find the answer".   Individualized approaches to learning will eventually take over.  

Business: Outsourcing will continue to increase in all facets of life.  Outsourcing has been around since before the pilgrims landed.  People have been using others' skills for thousands of years without calling them an employee.  Instead of it being an anti-American movement, the recent technology advances have just made it possible for this concept to work in many more areas now. If it could have been done a hundred years ago, people would have outsourced more then.  Efficiency is the real reason outsourcing will become more prevalent.  Businesses can pay for only what they need and when they need it.  Often the outsourced service has lower costs due to the volume of their specialty, not just because they are in another country.  Often the outsourced service has better performance due to the volume of their specialty.   Technology has affected the way businesses look at employees.  It used to be hard and take a long time to find someone with a special skill.   The employee pool is much larger now due to technology.  Also, foreigners will eventually speak very good English!

Technology:

Software is on its way out, web-based applications in.  I told people this ten years ago and they thought I was nuts! Consumers are tired and frustrated with having to be rocket scientists to keep their computer running.  Smaller companies have had it with the expenses and nightmares of keeping their network running.  This is how it is going to work:  Computers are going to come back full-circle into being terminals, only this time with the internet.  All of the programs/applications needed will be accessed by getting on the internet and going to the page where the program is.  After logging in, the user will have access to saved documents (available from anywhere on planet earth) and be able to create or edit whatever they need.  The data will be saved in a web-friendly format (not Word, Publisher, etc.) for easy availability to put on other websites.  Computer owners that get hammered with viruses, bad registries, hardware failure, stolen computers, or other problems won't dread reloading their computer, since it doesn't have software and files to save!   Computer doesn't work right, just pop the restore cd in and reboot.  Next, next, next, and then reload the printer and internet connection.  Computer runs fast, programs and files are available, and the consumer is happy!   Organizations will not need complicated networks anymore, only internet access!  Computer manufacturers will have mixed feelings about all this.  People aren't going to go out and buy another computer to fix their problem anymore, but the consumer will have no barrier to getting a newer computer since they are not dreading the transfer of files and reloading of software.   

Open Source will take over a majority of applications.  Open source (scripts, code, programs that are available for personal or business use without cost that can be customized) has already made rapid gains against the giant software companies.  As soon as the more technologically advanced younger generation gets a little older, you should see open source applications being used by more users than for paid applications.  Areas such as games and other entertainment will hold out the longest before going to open source. 

Owning a server is on its way out, leasing servers in.  Companies that lease server space can save money, have better security and faster connection speeds.  Many smaller organizations can save monthly T-1 or T-3 expenses and save staff costs by outsourcing their server needs.  Server leasing companies have staff that specialize in each facet of maintenance to provide better support/security than just one company employed network IT.

Wired networks will be improved by using power lines for data transfer.   Although there may be better methods to achieve bandwidth improvement, the use of power lines makes sense from an economical standpoint.  Older buildings would already be wired.  Markets in rural areas and poor countries could be tapped without the overhead of deployment.  The concept of multi-functioned wiring simplifies construction and consumer use.  Wireless technology may advance before this happens, but not likely due to interference and bandwidth limitations.  Note: development of this concept is finally showing up in the last couple of years.

Better interaction with human senses.   Much of this paragraph covers things that will be way down the road, but the principle is worth notating.  Humans have at least five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and feel.  Without getting into whether Artificial Intelligence or Virtual Reality is good, improving interaction with human senses is always going to be sought after.  You will see many areas of technology that will try to capitalize on adding or improving how something interacts with the human sense.  Better sound or better visualization to the maximum absorbable level of the human sense should be expected for any product as it matures.  An upcoming product example you should see is a sound system that uses sonic waves to target selected listening areas.  An application of this would be in automobiles so four different people could listen to four different things without harmful headphones.  However, technology has not been able to take advantage of smell, taste, and feel because it hasn't been developed or hasn't been mass-marketed to be affordable yet.   We will see the smell, taste, and feel senses simulated at first by exterior methods. A vibrator system in a chair or suit for feel.  A device that mixes chemicals for smell and taste.  Dimensional improvements for visual depth.  Then, the ultimate goal for sense improvement will be to tap into the nervous system.  The benefits would be that it is small (no huge monitor or speakers), portable, and that it allows for quality up to the maximum sense that a human body can understand  (maybe even more than reality).  

Personal Identification.  Many people thought for the longest time that body identification methods would be implemented for financial reasons.  However it will be facilitated because of disease/terrorism/crime and THEN financial motivations will take advantage of the system.  If every single individual could be identified and their travel pinpointed both before and after an event, what benefit would there be?  Almost all crime would be eliminated and contagious diseases would be quickly quarantined to name a couple. The use of a human chip/scan bar would be an obvious consideration, however there will be obvious resistance to that concept.  The use of reading natural, identifying features such as fingerprint, retinal, voice, blood veins, dna, or other unique body makeup will be accepted long before a computer chip.  People will less likely question their religious beliefs with this type of method.  People will not need to take the initiative to get a unique identifier before it is required since they were born with it.  There will still be unsecured methods of putting a name to the identifier (i.e. corrupt driver's license examiner, sympathizing passport issuer, computer hacker), but the system will make it easy to know where a person is or backtrack where a person has been.  People born into this system will make the system even stronger since they will be tracked before they grow old enough to become lawbreakers and before they have a need to hide their identity.  Personal Identification still does not prevent first time crime, but it does make a good deterrent and answers law enforcement questions.  Probably the method that can read the person's identifier the furthest away from the body will be the most common system.  I believe only a large crisis such as a pandemic or nuclear detonation will perpetuate the acceptance of a chip/scan bar on the human body before technology advances far enough to implement a worldwide, natural body identifier system.   The body identifier is not that far off (along with an enormous amount of acceptable use policies to be decided).

Global Communication will vastly improve.    Written documents such as web pages and e-mail will automatically be translated into the language of choice.  That's old news, but what is new is that it will be accurate, and all languages and dialects will be available.  Computers will also translate voice instantly to allow webcams and phone calls to be understood.  This is a high priority for development due to economic motives.  More foreign, customer service outsourcing options.  Improved global sales opportunities.  More education opportunities.  However, the real impact will be the people of the entire earth will be able to work together as one on health cures and even more advances in technology.  This raises some theological issues though.  Genesis 11 tells us that when the people were of one language and worked together as one on something that nothing was impossible.  Is it possible we are now technologically returning to one language again?  Will areas like longevity of life and other biomedical goals be realized?  The Lord stopped mankind once before.  Will he stop him again?  Knowing man's fallen nature and what other things he will do with this ability, I believe God will intervene. 

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Computer Survival